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Washing-Disinfectant Product Synthesis Tested During the Production of the “Speb-Pebe” - Spicy Product Energy Booster Characterized by Established Titration Procedures
Nambinina Richard Randriana,
Ernestine Ravomialisoa,
Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
53-64
Received:
17 May 2021
Accepted:
29 May 2021
Published:
21 June 2021
Abstract: A washing-disinfectant product was synthesized with citric acid which was a readily available raw material on the chemical markets. Following-up the established procedure to use this product reflected its efficiency to eliminate, to remove, to kill and to decrease significantly the binary fission of various germs and micro-organisms not only on raw materials but also on materials and containers that could cause consumers illness. Indeed, the quantifications of these micro-organisms on a product “spicy product energy booster (speb)” – “produit épicé boosteur d’énergie (pebe)” at the “Institut Pasteur de Madagascar” whose analyzes were accredited by COFRAC © reflected that firstly there were any Salmonella spp. and any Listeria monocytogenes; secondly its quantities of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respected the European standardization for food products; thirdly this “speb-pebe” product decreased significantly the binary fission speed of these previous micro-organisms in order 4.7 to 80 times less speed than its speeds deduced by a reference and/or by its generation time; and fourth the product “speb-pebe” best-before dates during a conservation at 303.15 (°K), natural ambient temperature, were calculated from each micro-organism’s binary fission speed. Then, two procedures titrations consisting in titration of the “speb-pebe” - spicy product energy booster’s equivalent-citric acid molecules in each level of its packaging using NaOH-0.0557N and in titration of the “speb-pebe” - spicy product energy booster’s alkenes-C= organic functions (on surface and on structure-texture) in each level of its packaging using HF-0.0026N were established and allowed to appreciate the “speb-pebe” quality in each level of its packaging and also to control its packaging-quality. It was noticed that the concentration of alkenes-C= organic functions on structure and on texture per grams on the Level-high-packaging were 5.9 times less than those on Level-medium-packaging 1.23E-1 [mol×l-1×g-1] and on Level-low-packaging 1.16E-1 [mol×l-1×g-1] confirming in return the highest value of the concentration of alkenes-C= organic functions on surface per grams of “speb-pebe” observed at Level-high-packaging sample (4.805E-3 [mol×l-1×g-1]) compared with Level-middle-packaging sample (1.72E-3 [mol×l-1×g-1]) and with Level-low-packaging sample (2.19E-3 [mol×l-1×g-1]). Another results, the dispersion of the equivalent-citric acids molecules on total alkenes-C= organic functions noted dispersion (Ac⁄C=) or dispersion ([Ac]⁄[C=]) for the Level-high-packaging sample, the Level-middle-packaging sample and the Level-low-packaging sample were respectively 0.2813, 0.0250 and 0.0714 and confirmed the useful role of citric acids molecules quantities and their protons H+ capacities and activities to catalyze some chemistry reactions and responsible of this “speb-pebe” - spicy product energy booster’s acidity-pH=2.62, flavors and tastes.
Abstract: A washing-disinfectant product was synthesized with citric acid which was a readily available raw material on the chemical markets. Following-up the established procedure to use this product reflected its efficiency to eliminate, to remove, to kill and to decrease significantly the binary fission of various germs and micro-organisms not only on raw...
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Review on Essential Oils and Their Corrosion-inhibiting Properties
Malick Bathily,
Baba Ngom,
Diadioly Gassama,
Seni Tamba
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
65-73
Received:
20 May 2021
Accepted:
4 June 2021
Published:
21 June 2021
Abstract: Natural and aromatic substances contained in plants which can be extracted by hydro-distillation or by cold extraction, more commonly known as essential oils are used today in several fields including cosmetic, perfumery, food processing, traditional medicine, agriculture etc. More recently, a strong use of these products extracted from plants as a corrosion inhibitor of metals and alloys in an acidic environment has been observed, given the number of works that have been published in recent decades. This review represents a general study on essential oils for a better understanding of these natural products, but also a non-exhaustive study of the published research works on the use of essential oils as a corrosion inhibitor of metals and alloys, in particular mild steels in acidic environments. Most of these studies have revealed great potentials of essential oils in inhibiting the corrosion of metals in aggressive environment, such as acidic environment. Thus, they have proposed alternatives to artificial metal corrosion inhibitor known to cause environmental pollution and public health issues. This review is a contribution to research efforts carried out by scientific community to find green corrosion inhibitors. It lays the basis for future research work aimed to investigate on the corrosion inhibition properties of essential oils extracted from Senegalese local plants.
Abstract: Natural and aromatic substances contained in plants which can be extracted by hydro-distillation or by cold extraction, more commonly known as essential oils are used today in several fields including cosmetic, perfumery, food processing, traditional medicine, agriculture etc. More recently, a strong use of these products extracted from plants as a...
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Natural Coal Aggregates to the Rescue of Fe°-Bed Filters in Quaternary Reactive Zones Fe°/S/Pz/CX to Repel Clogging and Boost Reactivity
Suzanne Makota S. N.,
Dipita Kolye Ernest Yves Herliche
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
74-82
Received:
29 May 2021
Accepted:
10 June 2021
Published:
21 June 2021
Abstract: The absorption and remediation power of natural coal (NC) and its contribution to the harvesting of corrosion products (CPs) resulting from electrochemical processes of Fe° oxidation in the reactive zone (RZ) of Fe°/S/Pz/C (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coal) in Fe°-bed filters have now been proven. As a result, an in-depth study of NC varieties (CX) for increased performance of Fe°/S/Pz/CX (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coals varieties) for water quality was investigated. Nine (9) systems were used, with respective RZs consisting of (1) Fe° (Pure Iron), (2) AC (pure Ayous wood’s Coal), (3) CC (pure Coconut bark’s Coal), (4) MC (pure Movingui wood’s Coal), (5) PC (pure Padouk wood’s Coal), (6) Fe°/S/Pz/AC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Ayous wood’s Coal), (7) Fe°/S/Pz/CC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Coconut bark’s Coal), (8) Fe°/S/Pz/MC (Iron /Sand/Pozzolan/Movingui wood’s Coal) and (9) Fe°/S/Pz/PC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Padouk wood’s Coal). OM (orange methyl) of 2 mg/L concentration was used as operative indicator. The experiments lasted forty (40) days per device. We measured the pH, discoloration, dissolved iron content of the collected water, while observing the flow rate and stability of every Fe°/S/Pz/CX. Thereby, the beneficial effects of the Pz/CX combination in the RZ are proven regardless of the variety used. Thus, CC is the best absorbent material almost as good as Fe°. PC has the best throughput and therefore the most permeable. All varieties contribute to the minimization of iron released. The pH is in line with WHO recommendations. Fe°/S/Pz/CX discoloration’s performance is thus evolving: Fe°/S/Pz/CC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz /AC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz/MC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz/PC ˃ pure Fe°; the flow changes inversely. With 98% ≤ 25% Fe° / 25% S / 25% Pz / 25% CC ≤ 100% discoloration rate, Fe°/S/Pz/CC is the most stable over time. CC appears to be the best non-expansive porous material to be combined with the ternary Fe°-based filters, and widely with Fe°/H2O systems to allow a resurgence of efficiency, to delay clogging and extend lifespan.
Abstract: The absorption and remediation power of natural coal (NC) and its contribution to the harvesting of corrosion products (CPs) resulting from electrochemical processes of Fe° oxidation in the reactive zone (RZ) of Fe°/S/Pz/C (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coal) in Fe°-bed filters have now been proven. As a result, an in-depth study of NC varieties (CX) ...
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Trisodium Citrate Synthesis at Ambient Temperature Using Sodium Hydroxide Relatively in Excess and Citric Acid with Ethanol-90 as Solvent
Nambinina Richard Randriana,
Avotra Marson Randrianomenjanahary,
Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
83-89
Received:
6 June 2021
Accepted:
18 June 2021
Published:
25 June 2021
Abstract: Trisodium citrate C6H5O7Na3 is one of the most widely used synthetic chemicals in the laboratory as raw materials to synthesize some metals-citricacid-oxides and also to control the acidity of certain substances and/or solutions; thus it is rare to find it in stock at suppliers. That was why synthesizing this product in laboratory came suddenly in the head and ended up being realized within certain experimental conditions such as: the synthesis was carried out at room temperature, under atmospheric pressure, the initial concentration of sodium hydroxide 4.38 twice higher was relatively in excess against citric acid and using ethanol-90° as solvent. It consisted of mixing citric acid with sodium hydroxide 99% purity, and ethanol 90% purity which served as a solvent. In fact, the two raw materials, citric acid and sodium hydroxide are all soluble in ethanol while the desired product trisodium citrate isn’t insoluble in this solvent-ethanol. The calculated initial pH of the raw materials solution was 15.21 and the solvent-ethanol quantities was evaluated so that eventual water molecules and eventual sodium ethoxide formed during the synthesis were soluble in it. Thus, all synthesized trisodium citrate crystals insoluble in ethanol were located at the bottom and separated. To quantify all these synthesized trisodium citrate-C6H5O7Na3 crystals, a titration procedure using hydrochloric acid HCl-0.1N was established. Application of this established titration procedure allowed to follow the reaction with time and consequently to evaluate the speed constant of this reaction synthesis of trisodium citrate-C6H5O7Na3 crystals under these previous experimental conditions which was equal to 1.56E-2 [L2×mol-2×s-1]. Also, the initial speed formation of synthesized sodium ethoxide was equal to 0.0027 [mol×l-1×s-1] and the citric acid conversion only after 30 minutes of reaction was 92.56%. The evaluation of this synthesized trisodium citrate crystals porosity was done by immersion in an isopropyl alcohol giving a value in the order of 48,67% and density equal to 1.79[g/cm3].
Abstract: Trisodium citrate C6H5O7Na3 is one of the most widely used synthetic chemicals in the laboratory as raw materials to synthesize some metals-citricacid-oxides and also to control the acidity of certain substances and/or solutions; thus it is rare to find it in stock at suppliers. That was why synthesizing this product in laboratory came suddenly in ...
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Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses
Boadu Kwasi Opoku,
Asiamah Isaac,
Anang Akrofi Micheal,
John Kwesi Bentum,
Wanjala Paul Muyoma
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, June 2021
Pages:
90-96
Received:
7 June 2021
Accepted:
23 June 2021
Published:
30 June 2021
Abstract: Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.
Abstract: Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and pa...
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